Utility-scale solar (large photovoltaic farms and concentrated solar power)

The world needs to replace fossil fuels with clean energy sources fast — but we're not moving nearly quickly enough. Even as solar and wind costs have plummeted, we're still adding more fossil fuel capacity than clean energy in many regions. The challenge isn't just building more renewable power plants. It's also storing that energy when the sun isn't shining, upgrading ancient electrical grids, speeding up painfully slow permitting processes, and dealing with the reality that we've already built trillions of dollars worth of coal and gas infrastructure that someone paid for and expects to keep running.

Meanwhile, nearly a billion people still lack electricity entirely, and even in wealthy countries, our energy systems are rigid and wasteful. We need technology solutions that make clean energy cheaper, faster to deploy, and more reliable than fossil fuels — not just sometimes, but always.

Despite dramatic cost reductions, renewable energy still provides only about 30% of global electricity and much less of total energy use. We need to build clean power sources much faster to replace coal, gas, and oil across electricity, heating, transportation, and industrial processes.

This means scaling up technologies we know work, like solar and wind, while also developing next-generation sources that could provide massive amounts of clean power. The goal is making clean energy so abundant and cheap that fossil fuels become economically obsolete.

Massive solar installations that can power cities and regions. This includes both photovoltaic farms that convert sunlight directly to electricity and concentrated solar power plants that use mirrors to focus sunlight for thermal energy. The focus is on making these projects cheaper to build, more efficient at converting sunlight, and faster to deploy at the scale needed to replace fossil fuel power plants.