Design for disassembly and repairability (modular products, standardised components)

Industry is the backbone of modern civilization, but it's also one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturing steel, cement, chemicals, and plastics doesn't just burn fossil fuels for energy — these processes often require fossil fuels as raw ingredients or release CO2 as an unavoidable part of the chemistry itself.

This creates a massive challenge. We can't simply swap in renewable electricity and call it solved. Heavy industry needs fundamentally different approaches: new chemistries, new materials, new ways of thinking about how we make things. The scale is enormous — industry accounts for about a quarter of global emissions — but so is the opportunity to transform how we build our world.

Our economy is built on a take-make-waste model: extract raw materials, make products, use them briefly, then throw them away. This linear approach wastes enormous amounts of materials and energy while creating mountains of waste. Most products are designed to be cheap and disposable rather than durable and repairable.

A circular economy keeps materials in use as long as possible, then recovers and regenerates them at the end of their service life. This requires fundamentally rethinking how we design, make, and use products. The potential is enormous — circular economy approaches could reduce global emissions by 45% while creating new business opportunities and reducing waste.

This approach designs products so they can be easily taken apart and repaired rather than thrown away. Modular designs use standardized components that can be swapped out when they break or become obsolete. Products are designed with accessible fasteners, clear labeling, and repair manuals. This extends product lifespans dramatically and makes it easier to recover valuable materials when products do reach end-of-life.